Node uses Google V8, which implements the ECMAScript standard (link to non official annotated copy).
How it differs from browsers will depend on which browser (and version) you're talking about.
For example, Mozilla browsers implement JavaScript (which is an implementation and superset of ECMAScript).
JavaScript includes:
for each - in loops
destructuring assignment
let expressions
array comprehensions
...among other enhancements that utilize non ECMAScript standard syntax. These are all part of JavaScript, but not currently part of the ECMAScript standard.
(Of the 4 items listed, the last 3 are proposals for the next ECMAScript version.)
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